Remember Peter and John, preaching in the Temple in the first years after the Ascension? Peter and John were Jews. Remember Stephen? The first Martyr? Stephen was a Jew and he was stoned by other Jews. Remember James? James the brother of Jesus, that is, not either of the Jameses who were Apostles. James was thrown off the peak of the Temple to his death. Both James and his killers were Jews. Now, none of this is to say that the Jews were universally even truly concerned with the Christian movement. Indeed, after a while the Temple leadership quit even trying to stop the growth of the Church. They had tried, but when they saw that they couldn’t stop it, they simply washed their hands of it. This was actually more damaging than their earlier persecutions had been.
Remember what I said about the Jewish leadership, or Sadducees, having made a deal with Rome when they joined the Empire? Well, until the Jews disassociated themselves from the Church, Christians had been party to that deal. By treaty, Rome left Jewish worship alone, so that meant that they left Christians alone, too. But, when the Jews cut the Christians loose, the Romans expected them, the Christians, since they were no longer Jews, to pay taxes to the local pagan temples and to at least pretend to worship Caesar. This the Christians refused to do, and from that time on, there was friction between the Romans and the Church. This is probably one of the reasons Nero chose the Church to blame for the fire that nearly destroyed the city of Rome in July of the year 64. The Christians had no standing. No protection. They had been cut loose by the Jews, and they as yet had no wealthy Roman patrons to speak for them.
Actually, BTW, there is no consensus as to what actually did start the fire, or why. Three ancient historians left accounts, and they all disagreed. Accounts were probably written by three other eminent historians of the time, but their works have not survived. For our purposes, it hardly matters. Nero was insane, but he was the Emperor, and he blamed the Christians, and killed many for doing it. His action set a precedent: nine more times in the next 250 years, Emperors or other political leaders would unleash persecution on the Christians. What the various Emperors didn’t know, though, was that their persecution would only make the Church stronger and more resilient. In the end, the Church took over Rome, itself!
In 66 AD, some Jews (not the Sadducees, but Jews, nonetheless) rebelled against Rome and were mercilessly put down. In 70 AD, Rome destroyed the Temple, thus ending Temple worship even until today. In 135 AD, another Jewish revolt caused the Romans to tear down the entire city of Jerusalem and replace it with a little Roman army town called Aelia Capitolina. Jews were dispersed all around the Empire, as slaves, mostly, and not allowed back into Jerusalem for many hundreds of years. Thus, Jerusalem, too, became a Christian city.